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The Black Cloud by Fred Hoyle
The Black Cloud by Fred Hoyle









The Black Cloud by Fred Hoyle The Black Cloud by Fred Hoyle

So how did carbon come into being?Ĭlouds of hydrogen and helium gas eventually condensed into the first stars. In the first seconds after the Big Bang, protons and neutrons came into being, but the universe was expanding so fast that the only three elements formed were hydrogen, helium and lithium. We take carbon for granted, but it is miraculous that it exists. Among more than a hundred different chemical elements, only carbon has the atomic structure, with six electrons surrounding a nucleus with six protons, necessary to serve as the basis for such complex organisms. If the element carbon did not exist, scientists believe the universe would be sterile, no life anywhere. Image: Michael StröckĬarbon is necessary for all life. Carbon is a versatile element and appears in nature as spheres, tubes, sheets and other configurations.











The Black Cloud by Fred Hoyle