Things went wrong for the rebels from the beginning. This battle was one of the bloodiest in American history, illustrating the hell of Civil War combat and darkening the lives of many survivors. McClellan in fighting along Antietam Creek outside the small town of Sharpsburg, thirteen miles south of Hagerstown. In the east, Lee came up from Virginia into Maryland in early September, and was brought to a standstill on the 17th by General George B. The offensives in the west failed when Confederate forces were turned back at Louisville, Kentucky, and then Cincinnati, Ohio, in September, before being mauled at Perryville, Kentucky, on October 8.
It was expected that the people of the Border States would flock to the rebel flag, but the actual reception was lukewarm, a poor omen for the coming operations. The strategy was to push the Confederate frontier to the Mason-Dixon Line, gaining the rich resources of the Border States and providing a buffer zone for the lower South. Yet any real hope of successfully establishing an independent Southern nation rode on coordinated offenses into Tennessee, Kentucky, and Maryland, launched a year earlier in summer/fall 1862. Grant in early July 1863 are often seen as marking the high tide of the Confederacy.
Lee at Gettysburg and the fall of Vicksburg to Ulysses S. Before Gettysburg and Vicksburg, we had Cincinnati and, more especially, Sharpsburg, Maryland.
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